Strings and formatting

Text arrives messy: extra spaces, mixed case and inconsistent separators. String methods return new values, so chain them and keep the original intact.

name = "  Ada Lovelace  "
clean = name.strip()
print(clean.lower())
print(clean.upper())

words = clean.split()
print(words)
print("-".join(words))

price = 24.5
quantity = 3
print(f"Total: {price * quantity:.2f}")

title = "python foundations"
slug = title.lower().replace(" ", "-")
print(slug)

• Strings are immutable: methods return a new string.
• split() without arguments collapses runs of whitespace.
• join() is called on the separator, not on the list.